AP History Quiz Ch. 1 And 2 - Davis Rittenberry | Library

Encomienda, in Spain's American and Philippine colonies, legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of the indigenous population. It was originally intended to reduce the abuses of forced labor (repartimiento) in the colonies, but in practice it became a form of enslavement.The encomienda system was a labor system instituted by the Spanish crown in the American colonies. In this system, a Spanish encomendero was granted a number of native laborers who would pay tributes to him in exchange for his protection. Encomienda system APUSH questions will require...Encomienda system synonyms, Encomienda system pronunciation, Encomienda system translation The encomienda system organized the economy, society, and politics of early colonial Peru. While landowners, or encomenderos, were obliged to follow a set of laws mandating that the...The encomienda system was made to kind of resemble the feudal systems in Europe...except they were supposed to be better as the Native Americans got to keep their land. Due to discrimination and the Christian mission propagated by the Crown of Castile, there could not be a sense of "fairness" to...The statement that describes the Encomienda system set up by the Spanish is "a system that allowed officials to take care of Indians in exchange for labor, but often became enslavement." The Spanish Encomienda system was established by the Spanish people in their American colonies.

The Encomienda System: APUSH... - Magoosh Blog | High School

Even though the Spanish initially established the encomienda system with good intentions such as protection of the natives as well as the spread of Christianity and education, the system eventually did more harm than good to the Amerindians. The native Amerindians were disadvantaged greatly in all...The Spanish crown reluctantly approved the granting of encomiendas because it needed to reward the conquistadors and establish a system of governance in End of the Encomienda System. The King of Spain almost lost Peru during these conquistador uprisings. Gonzalo Pizarro's supporters had...A system that imported African slaves to farm tobacco plantations in the North America. A system that rewarded certain Native American slaves who performed well by granting them pardons. The idea was that Spanish officials get the land and the people on it become vassals who work for the officials.The encomienda system was a form of land ownership set up after 1492 to divide both the lands and peoples of the New World into workable pieces that were run by Spanish settlers. This system was abused. The Indians were worked like slaves, and the teaching of Christianity was dropped because it...

Encomienda system - definition of Encomienda system by The Free...

This preview shows page 7 - 9 out of 13 pages. Complete the following sentences:3. The encomienda system permitted the Spanish to use the Native Americans as laborers Certificates of ownership, shares, are issued by the company in return for each financial contribution, and the shareholders are...Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the As part of the complex hierarchical administrative system established by the Spaniards in the New Spain abolished the encomiendas of the early conquistadors as a way of preventing the rise of...The following equation captures the computation in a ResNet block. What goes into the two blanks above? The same techniques for winning computer vision competitions, such as using multiple crops at test time, are widely used in practical deployments (or production system deployments) of ConvNets.The system resulted in the exploitation of the Native American population by the Spanish. E. The mother country exported more than it imported, creating a favorable balance of trade. View solution. The Native American literary tradition can be best described as which of the following?The encomienda system was important to the Spanish because it was the first major system of government set up on the New World. However, by 1970, the many rebellions and the discontentment of the encomenderos were about to tear Spain's New World empire apart.

Jump to navigation Jump to look Francisco Hernández Girón was once a Spanish encomendero in the Viceroyalty of Peru who protested the New Laws in 1553. These laws, passed in 1542, gave positive rights to indigenous peoples and protected them against abuses. Drawing by Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala. Part of a sequence onSlavery Contemporary Child labour Child soldiers Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride purchasing Wife promoting Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Contemporary Africa Twenty first-century jihadism Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical AntiquityAncient Rome Ancient Greece Ancillae BabyloniaSlavery in the Muslim globalOttoman Empire Barbary slave business Barbary pirates The Barbary Coast Turkish Abductions Sexual slavery in Islam Harem Ma malakat aymanukum Circassian beauties Ottoman Imperial Harem Cariye Jarya Odalisque QiyanSlavery in medieval EuropeByzantine Empire Kholop Serfs History In Russia Emancipation ThrallAtlantic slave tradeBristol Brazil Database Dutch Middle Passage Nantes New France Panyarring Spanish Empire Slave Coast Thirteen coloniesTopics and observeConscription Ghilman Mamluk Devshirme Blackbirding Coolie Corvée exertions Field slaves in the United States Treatment House slaves Saqaliba Slave marketplace Slave raiding Child soldiers White slaveryNavalGalley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or area Sub-Saharan AfricaContemporary Africa Trans-Saharan slave business Indian Ocean slave business Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan SeychellesNorth and South AmericaAmericas indigenous U.S. Natives Aztec Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti rise up Restavek Latin America (Encomienda) Puerto Rico Trinidad United States Field slaves female maps partus prison hard work Slave codes Treatment interregional Human trafficking Virgin IslandsEast, Southeast, and South AsiaHuman trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan convenience girls Korea Kwalliso Yankee princess VietnamAustralia and OceaniaBlackbirding Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in PolynesiaEurope and North AsiaSex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain SwedenNorth Africa and West AsiaIran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Yemen Religion Slavery and religion Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam Twenty first century Mukataba Ma malakat aymanukum Judaism Baháʼí Faith Opposition and resistance 1926 Slavery Convention Abolitionism U.Ok. U.S. Abolitionists Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.Ok. U.S. Colonization Liberia Sierra Leone Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom swimsuit Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International legislation Third Servile War thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf Related Common regulation Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves rules Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of enslaved other people owners Slave narrative films songs Slave identify Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project breeding courtroom circumstances Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln Forty acres Freedmen's Bureau bit Emancipation Day vte

The encomienda (Spanish pronunciation: [eŋkoˈmjenda] (concentrate)) was a Spanish exertions system that rewarded conquerors with the hard work of particular teams of conquered non-Christian other people. The laborers, in concept, have been provided with benefits by the conquerors for whom they worked, the Catholic religion being a fundamental get advantages. The encomienda was first established in Spain following the Christian conquest of Moorish territories (identified to Christians as the Reconquista), and it was once implemented on a miles better scale all over the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Spanish Philippines. Conquered peoples were thought to be vassals of the Spanish monarch. The Crown awarded an encomienda as a grant to a particular person. In the conquest era of the 16th century, the grants have been thought to be to be a monopoly on the exertions of particular teams of indigenous peoples, held in perpetuity by the grant holder, referred to as the encomendero, and his or her descendants.[1]

Encomiendas devolved from their original Iberian shape into a form of "communal" slavery. In the encomienda, the Spanish Crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a selected community however didn't dictate which people in the community must supply their hard work. Indigenous leaders have been charged with mobilizing the assessed tribute and hard work. In flip, encomenderos were to be sure that the encomienda natives got instruction in the Christian religion and Spanish language, and offer protection to them from warring tribes or pirates; they needed to suppress rise up in opposition to Spaniards, and care for infrastructure. In return, the natives would supply tributes in the shape of metals, maize, wheat, red meat, or other agricultural products.

With the ousting of Christopher Columbus in 1500, the Spanish Crown had him replaced with Francisco de Bobadilla.[2] Bobadilla was succeeded by a royal governor, Fray Nicolás de Ovando, who established the formal encomienda system.[3] In many circumstances natives have been pressured to do arduous hard work and subjected to extreme punishment and demise in the event that they resisted.[4] However, Queen Isabella I of Castile forbade slavery of the local population and deemed the indigenous to be "free vassals of the crown".[5] Various versions of the Laws of the Indies from 1512 onwards attempted to keep an eye on the interactions between the settlers and natives. Both natives and Spaniards appealed to the Real Audiencias for aid beneath the encomienda system.

Encomiendas had ceaselessly been characterised by the geographical displacement of the enslaved and breakup of communities and circle of relatives gadgets, but in Mexico, the encomienda dominated the unfastened vassals of the crown through existing community hierarchies, and the natives remained in their settlements with their families.[6]

History

The heart of encomienda and encomendero lies in the Spanish verb encomendar, "to entrust". The encomienda was once in keeping with the reconquista establishment in which adelantados got the appropriate to extract tribute from Muslims or other peasants in spaces that that they had conquered and resettled.[7]

The encomienda system traveled to America as the end result of the implantation of Castilian legislation over the territory. The system was created in the Middle Ages and was once pivotal to allow for the repopulation and protection of frontier land all through the reconquista. This system originated in the Catholic South of Spain to extract exertions and tribute from Muslims (Moors) prior to they have been exiled in 1492 after the Moors have been defeated in the fight in Granada.[8] This system was once a technique of rewarding soldiers and moneymen who defeated the Moors.[8] The encomienda established a dating similar to a feudal dating, in which army protection was traded for certain tributes or by particular paintings. It used to be especially prevalent amongst army orders that have been entrusted with the coverage of frontier areas. The king usually intervened at once or indirectly in the bond, by making certain the fairness of the agreement and intervening militarily in case of abuse.

The encomienda system in Spanish America differed from the Peninsular institution. The encomenderos did not own the land on which the natives lived. The system didn't entail any direct land tenure by the encomendero; local lands were to stay in the ownership of their communities. This right was officially secure by the crown of Castile because the rights of administration in the New World belonged to this crown and to not the Catholic monarchs as a whole.[9]

Encomenderos

Hernán Cortés, conqueror of the Aztecs and premier encomendero of New Spain

The first grantees of the encomienda system, known as encomenderos, were most often conquerors who won those grants of hard work by virtue of participation in a successful conquest. Later, some receiving encomiendas in New Spain (Mexico) weren't conquerors themselves however had been sufficiently neatly attached that they gained grants.

In his learn about of the encomenderos of early colonial Mexico, Robert Himmerich y Valencia divides conquerors into those that were phase of Hernán Cortés' unique expedition, calling them "first conquerors", and those that have been individuals of the later Narváez expedition, calling them "conquerors". The latter have been included into Cortes' contingent. Himmerick designated as pobladores antiguos (old settlers) a gaggle of undetermined quantity of encomenderos in New Spain, males who had resided in the Caribbean area previous to the Spanish conquest of Mexico.

In the New World, the Crown granted conquistadores as encomendero, which is the appropriate to extract hard work and tribute from natives who have been under Spanish rule. Christopher Columbus established the encomienda system after his arrival and settlement on the island of Hispaniola requiring the natives to pay tributes or face brutal punishments. Tributes were required to be paid in gold. However, all over this time gold was scarce.[8]

Women and indigenous elites had been also encomenderos. Doña Maria Jaramillo, the daughter of Doña Marina and conqueror Juan Jaramillo, won source of revenue from her deceased father's encomiendas.[10] Two of Moctezuma's daughters, Doña Isabel Moctezuma and her more youthful sister, Doña Leonor Moctezuma, had been granted extensive encomiendas in perpetuity by Hernan Cortes. Doña Leonor Moctezuma married in succession two Spaniards, and left the encomiendas to her daughter by her 2nd husband.[11][12][13]Vassal Inca rulers appointed after the conquest also sought and had been granted encomiendas.

The status of humans as wards of the trustees under the encomienda system served to "define the status of the Indian population": the natives were free males, not slaves or serfs. But some Spaniards treated them as poorly as slaves.

The encomienda was essential to the Spanish crown's sustaining its keep an eye on over North, Central and South America in the first a long time after the colonization. It was once the first major organizational legislation instituted on the continent, which was once affected by struggle, fashionable illness epidemics brought about by Eurasian diseases, and resulting turmoil.[14] Initially, the encomienda system was devised to satisfy the needs of the early agricultural economies in the Caribbean. Later it was once adopted to the mining economic system of Peru and Upper Peru. The encomienda lasted from the starting of the 16th century to the 17th century.[7]

Philip II, enacted a law on 11 June 1594 to determine the encomienda in the Philippines, where he made grants to the local nobles (principalía). They used the encomienda to gain possession of massive expanses of land, many of which (akin to Makati) continue to be owned by affluent households.[15]

Establishment

In 1501 Queen Isabella declared Native Americans as topics to the crown, and so, as Castilians and felony equals to Spanish Castilians. This implied that enslaving them was unlawful except for on very explicit prerequisites. It also allowed the establishment of encomiendas, since the encomienda bond used to be a right reserved to full topics to the crown. In 1503, the crown started to formally grant encomiendas to conquistadors and officials as rewards for provider to the crown. The system of encomiendas used to be aided by the crown's organizing the indigenous into small harbors referred to as reducciones, with the intent of setting up new towns and populations.

Each reducción had a local chief answerable for conserving track of the laborers in his community. The encomienda system didn't grant people land, however it not directly aided in the settlers' acquisition of land. As to start with outlined, the encomendero and his heirs expected to carry these grants in perpetuity. After a big crown reform in 1542, known as the New Laws, encomendero households were limited to keeping the grant for two generations. When the crown attempted to implement the coverage in Peru, shortly after the 1535 Spanish conquest, Spanish recipients rebelled against the crown, killing the viceroy, Don Blasco Núñez Vela.

In Mexico, viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza determined against imposing the reform, mentioning native instances and the possible for a similar conqueror revolt. To the crown he stated, "I obey crown authority but do not comply with this order."[16] The encomienda system was ended legally in 1720, when the crown tried to abolish the institution. The encomenderos had been then required to pay closing encomienda laborers for their work.

The encomiendas turned into very corrupt and vicious. In the community of La Concepción, north of Santo Domingo, the adelantado of Santiago heard rumors of a fifteen,000-man military making plans to degree a rise up.[17] Upon listening to this, the adelantado captured the caciques concerned and had maximum of them hanged.

Later, a chieftain named Guarionex laid havoc to the countryside sooner than an army of about 3,090 routed the Ciguana folks under his management.[18] Although anticipating Spanish coverage from warring tribes, the islanders sought to enroll in the Spanish forces. They helped the Spaniards care for their lack of awareness of the surrounding environment.[19]

As famous, the trade of requiring the encomendado to be returned to the crown after two generations was once frequently lost sight of, as the colonists did not want to give up the hard work or power. The Codice Osuna, one of many colonial-era Aztec codices (indigenous manuscripts) with native pictorials and alphabetic text in Nahuatl, there is proof that the indigenous had been well aware of the distinction between indigenous communities held by particular person encomenderos and the ones held by the crown.[20]

Reform and abolition

Initial controversy

The encomienda system was once the topic of controversy in Spain and its territories almost from its start. In 1510, an Hispaniola encomendero named Valenzuela murdered a group of Native American leaders who had agreed to meet for peace talks in complete confidence. The Taíno Cacique Enriquillo rebelled in opposition to the Spaniards between 1519 and 1533. In 1538, Emperor Charles V, figuring out the seriousness of the Taíno insurrection, changed the laws governing the remedy of other people laboring in the encomiendas.[21] Conceding to Las Casas's point of view, the peace treaty between the Taínos and the audiencia used to be in the end disrupted in 4 to five years. The crown also actively prosecuted abuses of the encomienda system, thru the Law of Burgos (1512–13) and the New Law of the Indies (1542).

The priest of Hispaniola and previous encomendero Bartolomé de las Casas underwent a profound conversion after seeing the abuse of the native other people.[22] He dedicated his lifestyles to writing and lobbying to abolish the encomienda system, which he concept systematically enslaved the native people of the New World. Las Casas participated in crucial debate, the place he pushed for the enactment of the New Laws and an finish to the encomienda system.[23] The Laws of Burgos and the New Laws of the Indies failed in the face of colonial opposition and, in truth, the New Laws had been postponed in the Viceroyalty of Peru. When Blasco Núñez Vela, the first viceroy of Peru, tried to implement the New Laws, which provided for the gradual abolition of the encomienda, many of the encomenderos were unwilling to conform to them and revolted against him.

The New Laws of 1542 Main article: New Laws

When the information of this situation and of the abuse of the institution reached Spain, the New Laws were passed to keep watch over and step by step abolish the system in America, in addition to to reiterate the prohibition of enslaving Native Americans. By the time the new rules had been passed, 1542, the Spanish crown had stated their incapacity to control and properly be certain that compliance of conventional rules out of the country, in order that they granted to Native Americans particular protections not even Spaniards had, such as the prohibition of enslaving them even in the case of crime or battle. These additional protections have been an try to keep away from the proliferation of abnormal claims to slavery.[24]

The liberation of 1000's of Native Americans held in bondage all the way through the Spanish empire by the new Viceroy Blasco Núñez Vela on his adventure to Peru resulted in his eventual homicide and armed battle between the Encomenderos and the Spanish crown which ended with the execution of those encomenderos involved.[25]

Final abolition

In most of the Spanish domain names acquired in the Sixteenth centiry the encomienda phenomenon lasted just a few many years. However, in Peru and New Spain the encomienda establishment lasted for much longer.[26]

In Chiloé Archipelago in southern Chile, the place the encomienda had been abusive enough to unleash a rebellion in 1712, the encomienda used to be abolished in 1782.[27] In the rest of Chile it was once abolished in 1789, and in the complete Spanish Empire in 1791.[27][28][29][30]

Repartimiento

The encomienda system used to be generally changed by the crown-managed repartimiento system all over Spanish America after mid-sixteenth century.[7] Like the encomienda, the new repartimiento did not include the attribution of land to someone, slightly only the allotment of native employees. But they had been without delay allotted to the crown, who, via a neighborhood crown legitimate, would assign them to paintings for settlers for a set period of time, in most cases a number of weeks. The repartimiento used to be an attempt "to reduce the abuses of forced labour".[7] As the number of natives declined and mining activities were changed by agricultural activities in the seventeenth century, the hacienda, or huge landed estates in which laborers have been immediately employed by the hacienda house owners (hacendados), arose as a result of land ownership changed into extra successful than acquisition of forced labor.[31]

Deaths, disease, and accusations of ethnocide or genocide

See additionally: Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Codex Kingsborough: also known as the Codex Tepetlaoztoc, is a 16th-century Mesoamerican pictorial manuscript which was section of a lawsuit in opposition to the Spanish Encomenderos for mistreatment.

Raphael Lemkin (coiner of the time period genocide) considers Spain's abuses of the native population of the Americas to constitute cultural and even outright genocide including the abuses of the Encomienda system. He described slavery as "cultural genocide par excellence" noting "it is the most effective and thorough method of destroying culture, of desocializing human beings."[32] Economic historian Timothy J. Yeager argued the encomienda was once deadlier than standard slavery as a result of of person laborer's existence being disposable in the face of simply being replaced with a laborer from the identical plot of land.[33]University of Hawaii historian David Stannard describes the encomienda as a genocidal system which "had driven many millions of native peoples in Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths."[34]

Yale University's genocide studies program helps this view relating to abuses in Hispaniola.[35] The program cites the decline of the Taíno inhabitants of Hispaniola in 1492 to 1514 for instance of genocide and notes that the indigenous population declined from a population between 100,000 and one million to only 32,000 a decline of 68% to over 96%.[35]Historian Andrés Reséndez contends that enslavement in gold and silver mines used to be the primary explanation why the Native American population of Hispaniola dropped so considerably, as the prerequisites that Native peoples have been subjected to under enslavement, from pressured relocation to hours of hard exertions, contributed to the spread of disease.[36][37] For example, in step with anthropologist Jason Hickel, a third of Arawak workers died each six months from lethal pressured exertions in the mines.[38]

Skepticism towards accusations of genocide

Skepticism in opposition to accusations of genocide linked to the Encomienda and the Spanish conquest and agreement of the Americas usually involve arguments like the ones of Noble David Cook, during which students posit that accusations of genocide are a continuation of the Spanish Black Legend. Writing about the Black Legend and the conquest of the Americas, Cook wrote, "There were too few Spaniards to have killed the millions who were reported to have died in the first century after Old and New World contact" and as a substitute suggests the near total decimation of the indigenous inhabitants of Hispaniola as mostly having been caused by sicknesses like smallpox. He argues that the Spanish unwittingly carried those diseases to the New World.[39]

See additionally

Black legend (Spain) Cargo system Gregorio de San Juan Historiography of Colonial Spanish America Jesuit discounts Reductions Serfdom

References

^ James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, Early Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press 138. ^ Noble, David Cook. "Nicolás de Ovando" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol.4, p. 254. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. ^ Ida Altman, et al., The Early History of Greater Mexico, Pearson, 2003, p. 47 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")correct 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:assist.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")correct 0.1em heart/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolour:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintshow:none;colour:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .quotation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inheritRodriguez, Junius P. (2007). Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. 1. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-313-33272-2. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2016-03-27. ^ Ida Altman, et al., The Early History of Greater Mexico, Pearson, 2003, 143 ^ Charles Gibson, The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule, Stanford, 1964. ^ a b c d "Encomienda". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019. ^ a b c Meade (19 January 2016). A History of Modern Latin America 1800 to the Present. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-118-77248-5. ^ Scott, Meredith, "The Encomienda System Archived 2005-12-18 at the Wayback Machine". ^ Robert Himmerich y Valencia, The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521-1555, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991 p. 178 ^ Himmerich y Valencia (1991), The Encomenderos, pp. 195-96 ^ Samora, Julian; Patricia Vandel Simon. "A History of the Mexican-American People". Archived from the authentic on April 2, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-18. ^ Himmerich y Valencia (1991), 27 ^ Clendinnen, Inga; Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517–1570. (p. 83) ISBN 0-521-37981-4 ^ Anderson, Dr. Eric A (1976). The encomienda in early Philippine colonial historical past (PDF). Quezon City: Journal of Asian Studies. pp. 27–32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2013-10-29. ^ Arthur S. Aiton, Antonio de Mendoza, First Viceroy of New Spain, Durham: Duke University Press 1972. ^ Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (July 2009). De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera. p. 121. ISBN 9781113147608. Archived from the unique on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2010. ^ Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (July 2009). De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera. p. 143. ISBN 9781113147608. Archived from the authentic on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2010. ^ Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (July 2009). De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera. p. 132. ISBN 9781113147608. Archived from the unique on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2010. ^ Codice Osuna, Ediciones del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, Mexico 1947, pp. 250-254 ^ David M. Traboulay (1994). Columbus and Las Casas: the conquest and Christianization of America, 1492–1566. p. 44. ISBN 9780819196422. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2010. ^ Bartolomé de Las Casas, who arrived in the New World in 1502, averred that greed was once the reason Christians "murdered on such a vast scale," killing "anyone and everyone who has shown the slightest sign of resistance," and subjecting "all males to the harshest and most iniquitous and brutal slavery that man has ever devised for oppressing his fellow-men, treating them, in fact, worse than animals." Reséndez, Andrés. The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (Kindle Locations 338-341). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition. ^ Benjamin Keen, Bartolome de las Casas in history: toward an figuring out of the guy and his work. (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University, 1971), 364–365. ^ Suárez Romero. LA SITUACIÓN JURÍDICA DEL INDIO DURANTE LA CONQUISTA ESPAÑOLA EN AMÉRICA. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE DERECHO DE MÉXICO TOMO LXVIII, Núm.270 (Enero-Abril 2018) ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2020-09-30.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (hyperlink) ^ "La encomienda en hispanoamérica colonial". Revista de historia (in Spanish). 2020-08-26. Retrieved 2021-01-06. ^ a b Urbina, Rodolfo (1990). "La rebelión indígena de 1712: los tributarios de Chiloé contra la encomienda" [The Indigenous Rebellion of 1712: The Tributaries of Chiloé Against the Encomienda] (pdf). Tiempo y espacio [Time and Space] (in Spanish). Chillán: El Departamento (1): 73–86. ^ "La rebelión huilliche de 1712". El Llanquihue (in Spanish). 29 July 2007. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. ^ "La encomienda". Memoria chilena (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile [National Library of Chile]. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ Villalobos, Sergio; Silva, Osvaldo; Silva, Fernando; Estelle, Patricio (1974). Historia De Chile. Editorial Universitaria. p. 237. ISBN 978-9561111639. ^ Tindall, George Brown & David E. Shi (1984). America: A Narrative History (Sixth ed.). W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 280. ^ Raphael Lemkin's History of Genocide and Colonialism, Holocaust Memorial Museum https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/speakers-and-events/all-speakers-and-events/raphael-lemkin-history-of-genocide-and-colonialism ^ Yeager, Timothy J. (December 1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America". The Journal of Economic History. 55 (4): 842–859. doi:10.1017/S0022050700042182. JSTOR 2123819. ^ Stannard, David E. (1993). American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0195085570. Archived from the unique on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2020-11-10. ^ a b Hispaniola Case Study: Colonial Genocides. Date range of symbol:1492 to 1514 https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/colonial-genocides-project/hispaniola Archived 2017-11-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ Reséndez, Andrés (2016). The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 17. ISBN 978-0547640983. Archived from the authentic on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2020-11-10. ^ Trever, David. "The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the authentic on 2019-06-20. ^ Hickel, Jason (2018). The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions. Windmill Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-1786090034. ^ Noble David Cook (13 February 1998). Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–14. ISBN 978-0-521-62730-6. Archived from the authentic on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2019.

Further studying

Austin, Shawn Michael (2015). "Guaraní kinship and the encomienda community in colonial Paraguay, sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries". Colonial Latin American Review. 24 (4): 545–571. doi:10.1080/10609164.2016.1150039. S2CID 163678212. * Avellaneda, Jose Ignacio (1995). The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-1612-7. Chamberlain, Robert S., "Simpson's the Encomienda in New Spain and Recent Encomienda Studies" The Hispanic American Historical Review 34.2 (May 1954):238–250. Gibson, Charles, The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964. Guitar, Lynne (1997). "Encomienda System". In Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. 1, A–K. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 250–251. ISBN 978-0-87436-885-7. OCLC 37884790. Himmerich y Valencia, Robert (1991). The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-72068-8. Keith, Robert G (1971). "Encomienda, Hacienda, and Corregimiento in Spanish America: A Structural Analysis". Hispanic American Historical Review. 52 (3): 431–446. doi:10.1215/00182168-51.3.431. Lockhart, James, "Encomienda and Hacienda: The Evolution of the Great Estate in the Spanish Indies," Hispanic American Historical Review 49, no. 3 (1969) McAlister, Lyle N. (1984). Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492-1700. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816612161. Ramirez, Susan E. "Encomienda" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, pp. 492–3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. Simpson, Leslie Byrd Simpson, The Encomienda in New Spain: The Beginning of Spanish Mexico (1950) Yeager, Timothy J. (1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America". The Journal of Economic History. 55 (4): 842–859. doi:10.1017/S0022050700042182. JSTOR 2123819. Zavala, Silvio. De Encomienda y Propiedad Territorial en Algunas Regiones de l. a. América Española. Mexico City: Aurrúa 1940.

External links

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